In this article, we will discuss the evolution of HTTP protocol, starting with HTTP/0.9 all the way up to HTTP/3, discussing their specific features and implications. Before discussing the evolution, we need to understand the OSI model of networking. OSI Model OSI model(Open System Interconnection) is a framework defining the communication protocol…

In this article, we will discuss the architecture of JVM specification, the various components involved, and their roles. Before we dive deep into the internals of JVM Architecture, we need to understand certain terminologies. Compiler vs Interpreter A compiler is software that takes the entire program written in High-Level Language as input and…

In this article, we will understand how Data flows through the Internet to reach the final destination. Before we get into the details, we need to understand certain Terminologies, various Devices, Channels, and Protocols involved in the process. Terminologies Data: Data is nothing but a message which needs to be transferred…

DynamoDB is a distributed, highly-available fully-managed NoSQL key-value (document) database offered by Amazon.com as part of Amazon Web Services (AWS). DynamoDB is designed to provide fast and predictable performance with unlimited scalability which offloads the administrative burden of operating a distributed database away from developers. The implementation specifications of Dynamo…

This article describes various Isolation levels supported by a Transactional Database, the various problems addressed by each Isolation level, and how the database implements core abstractions for each Isolation level. Before we get into the details of Database Isolation, let’s first understand the meaning of a Transaction and the role…

This article explains how Exactly-Once Processing in Kafka works internally. It assumes that the reader is already familiar with the basics of Kafka and its ecosystem. For a quick recap of Kafka, the reader can refer to my previous article Link. Message Delivery Guarantees Kafka supports three types of Message Delivery Guarantees. At-most…

This article describes the internal working of Apache Zookeeper. It starts with the explanation of various components in Zookeeper and deep dives into its architecture. Source: Google Introduction Apache Zookeeper is a distributed coordination service that is used by applications to implement various distributed primitives like leader election, configuration management, membership…

This article gives a glimpse of internals of some of the popular storage structures used in databases and distributed systems. The following storage structures will be covered in this article: Bloom Filter, LSM Trees, B+ Trees, Inverted Index, Merkel Trees, Consistent Hashing, Skip lists, HyperLogLog, Count Min Sketch. Bloom Filter Bloom Filter…

Introduction This article gives a glimpse of what exactly happens when a message is produced to Kafka, followed by how it is stored in Kafka and finally how it is consumed by a consumer. Before that, let’s go through some basic constructs and terminologies used in Kafka. Apache Kafka is a…